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The Eastern Lombard Grammar reflects the main features of Romance languages: the word order of Eastern Lombard is usually SVO, nouns are inflected in number, adjectives agree in number and gender with the nouns, verbs are conjugated in tenses, aspects and moods and agree with the subject in number and person. The case system is present only for the weak form of the pronoun. Eastern Lombard has always been a spoken language and, in spite of sporadic attempts to fix the main features in a written grammar, a unique canonical variety has never prevailed over the others. The present day situation sees a large number of varieties, roughly identifiable by the area where a particular variety is spoken (so, you may encounter a Bergamasque, Brescian, a Camunic variety, etc.). Varieties differ mainly in phonology, syntax and word choice. This grammar is based on the Brescian variety and, although local differences (even remarkable) can be found, the basic principles are generally valid for the other varieties. ==Nouns== Nouns in Eastern Lombard have two genders (masculine and feminine), and two grammatical numbers (singular or plural). The feminine generally ends in -a: ''gàta'' (she-cat) ''fómna'' (woman) but can also end with a consonant: ''néf'' (snow) ''Masculine names generally end with a consonant: ''gat'' (cat) ''òm'' (man) but can also end with a stressed vowel. This usually happens where a historical -n has dropped: ''cà'' (dog) (cfr. western lombard 'can') ''pà'' (bread) (cfr. western lombard 'pan') ''carbù'' (coal) (cfr. western lombard 'carbón') The plural of feminine nouns always ends in -e:〔Hull, Geoffrey Stephen ''"The linguistic unity of northern Italy and Rhaetia"'' - University of Sydney - 1982 - page 440〕 '' 'na gàta / dò gàte'' (a she-cat / two she-cats) '' 'na fómna / dò fómne'' (a woman / two women) Except when the singular ends with a consonant, in such cases the plural follows the rules for the masculine. The plural of masculine nouns is a little more complicated to form and depends on the last sound of the singular. If the singular ends with a vowel, the plural is identical: ''en cà / du cà'' (a dog / two dogs) If the singular ends with a -c, -j, -m, -p, -r, -s, the plural is identical to the singular: ''en sac / du sac'' (a sack / two sacks) ''en ventàj / du ventàj'' (a fan/ two fans) ''en póm/ du póm'' (an apple / two apples) ''en cóp / du cóp'' (a tile / two tiles) ''en pér / du pér'' (a pear / two pears) ''en ciós / du ciós'' (a field / two fields) If the singular ends with a -t, the plural ends with a -cc (pronounced -()): ''en gat / du gacc (pronounced'' /du gatʃ/'')'' (a cat / two cats):〔Hull, Geoffrey Stephen ''"The linguistic unity of northern Italy and Rhaetia"'' - University of Sydney - 1982 - page 434〕 If the singular ends with an -n, the plural ends with a -gn (pronounced -()): ''en àzen / du àzegn (pronounced'' /du ˈazɛɲ/'')'' (a donkey / two donkeys) If the singular ends with a -l, the plural ends in a -j: ''en caàl / du caàj (pronounced'' /du ka'aj/'')'' (a horse / two horses)'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eastern Lombard grammar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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